trends on hazards , disasters , risk reduction and climate change in Indonesia : a systematic literature review

Research trends on hazards, disasters, risk reduction and climate change in Indonesia: a systematic literature review Riyanti Djalante Alexander von Humboldt Experienced Researcher Fellow / Research Associate, UNU-EHS, UN Campus, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1, Bonn 53117, Germany 5 2 Honorary Lecturer, University of Halu Oleo, Sulawesi Tenggara, Indonesia Correspondence to: Riyanti Djalante (djalante@ehs.unu.edu)


Introduction 60
Disaster events and their associated social and economical impacts are on the rise.The last decade has shown the highest number and impacts from disasters while 2015 has been stated as the hottest year ever.The Asia Pacific region has been the place where these disasters occur most while Indonesia is one of the most at risks from disasters and climate change impacts (Figure 1).Over the last century, there have been 429 disasters caused by natural hazards, more than 200 thousands death, more than 29 million people in total affected and the total damage is above 44million USD (Table 1) (EMDAT, 2016).Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., doi:10.5194/nhess-2016-112, 2016 Manuscript under review for journal Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.Published: 11 May 2016 c Author(s) 2016.CC-BY 3.0 License.Furthermore, when comparing the impacts between geophysical and those hydro-meteor-climato-logical disasters, while disasters caused by climate occurs and impacts more, the number of deaths is significantly caused by earthquake and volcanic activities (Figure 2).Hence, it is important to differentiate the hazard types but also to integrated risks management from both types in an integrated fashion (e.g.Djalante and Thomalla, 2012;Thomalla et al., 2006).75 This paper aims to systematically review literature on related to hazards, risks and disaster risks reduction, and climate 80 change vulnerability, impact, and assessments in Indonesia.Systematic literature review is briefly defined as a method to systematically reviewing evidence or literature with explicit and transparent methods.A systematic review method has been used widely in the field of health (Moher et al., 2009), software engineering (Kitchenham et al., 2009), and engineering (Carrion and Levinson, 2012;Chai et al., 2013;Gosling and Naim, 2009;Liang et al., 2009).Despite the importance of systematic literature review, there have been few studies that use this in the topic related to hazards, disasters, and or climate 85 change.Some notable examples are review on drought (Woodhouse and Overpeck, 1998), landslide (Aleotti and Chowdhury, 1999), contaminants (Noyes et al., 2009), urban ecosystem (Luederitz et al., 2015), ecosystem-based adaptation (Brink et al., 2016;Kabisch et al., 2015).A notable study on systematic review of climate change is done by Berrang-Ford et al (Berrang-Ford et al., 2014;Berrang-Ford et al., 2011;Berrang-Ford et al., 2015;Ford et al., 2015a;Ford et al., 2015b;Ford et al., 2013;Ford et al., 2011;Ford et al., 2012;Lesnikowski et al., 2013a;Lesnikowski et al., 2013b;McLeman et al., 90 2014;Paterson et al., 2012;Pearce et al., 2011;Thompson et al., 2010).

Second stage
The author applies the second stage to further refine the results.This gives a total hit of 1748 publications.The exclusion 130 includes refinement in subject areas, in document types, in language (only in English and Bahasa Indonesia), and source title that does not directly related to the topic in DRR in Indonesia.

Third stage
The third layer search involve the author download the results into xml format, save it and import it into Microsoft Excel, with using all delimiters factors.The results in the Excel format are examined line by line to further determine exclusion 135 from the lists.Materials that are excluded in this final round is related to analysis of research in mining industry in Indonesia, those that discuss on the science of climate change and those that touch on the issue on disasters but not directly on Indonesia and when the author judges that the scope is too broad to be included are finally 744 materials selected.The final list is analyzed in terms of authorships, references, citations, keywords, places of focus, types of publications, impact factors, time of publications and topics and sub-topics of research.Table 3 shows the EMDAT-CRED categorization of disaster 140 groups and hazards that are used in this study to help more details analysis related to major research topics.Natural disaster groups caused by geophysical, meteorological, hydrological, and climatologically hazards are included.Those excluded are disasters caused by biological, extra-terrestrial and technological hazard.

Critical appraisal of information quality
After the second stage is done, the author downloads to material into xml format and later imports it into the Microsoft Excel format.When importing into the excel format the author choose all delimiters to enable particular information goes to the right column.However, the results are not always consistent and hence a manual check on each entry row needed to be done.
Data from Scopus is used to determine which of the publication is highly cited, who are the most active authors and 150 organizations, where they are based and what keywords are used.However the author finds that the number counts on the authors´ publications and citations presented in the SCOPUS search is sometimes different to the actual check of the excel sheet.It is also different when examining the profile of one particular author.Hence, to ensure consistency, the number of counts obtained from the list in excel sheet is used.
Moreover, the author crosschecks the number of citations from Scopus to the Internet, and adopts the higher citation counts.155 It is generally the case that data from Google search on the publication and author leads to higher and more up to date citations counts.The author also consult total citations and publications of researchers in Google Scholar or Research Gate or Researcher other profile to make sure that the full list of publications are captured.

Analysis and Presentation of Results
This section is structured based on the research questions on the analysis of the materials and second on the roles of 160 Indonesian authors and organizations.Materials gathered are analyzed in terms of time, active researchers, research organizations, most cited papers, and categorized into several main research topics.In each of main research topics, the analysis differentiates the roles of international and Indonesian researchers and research organizations.

3.1
Review of key research topics

Groupings of topics 165
The author categorizes the final list into three groups in order to show and outline how changes in directions on research have taken place over the years and to reduce heavy unbalance towards findings on hazard and risks assessments toward earthquake and volcanic eruption research (Table 4).-Hazards: A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.
-Risks: The combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences.
-Disaster: A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
(2) disaster risk management or reduction (DRR) -The systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster (UNISDR).
-The concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events.
(3) climate change vulnerability, impacts and adaptation (CC) -A change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods (UNFCCC).
-The adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities (UNISDR).Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., doi:10.5194/nhess-2016-112, 2016 Manuscript under review for journal Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.Published: 11 May 2016 c Author(s) 2016.CC-BY 3.0 License.

Yearly assessments
There are several periods of development in the publications, which are thought to be corresponded to the occurrence on major hazards or disasters events in Indonesia (Figure 4).The first period is within the 1970s-1980s period.In this period, there were no significant changes in the numbers of publications produced.Researches in this period were heavily done on the topics of geophysical hazards and risks related to earthquake and volcanic eruption.The second period 1990s to 2000s shows a notable increase in literature where on average there were 10 publications per year.This gradual increase in literature mainly corresponds to the literature related to the assessments of hazards, risks and disasters and there is a sharp increase in literature which reached its highest point in 2000.
The third period of 2000-2010s was the most dynamic period within the publications on literature.While there was a sharp decline since it reached its first peak in 2000, a surge of publications was started in 2004 which correspond to the Indian Ocean tsunami which hit Indonesia the most.This increase continues ever since.This is also the period when not only publications related to understanding the risks of earthquake and tsunami, but also those related to examining DRR and climate change impacts.The peak occurs between 2010 and 2015 which shows soaring published materials in all topics.
There are 104 publications in 2015 which is the highest ever produced in a single year.In this period, publications related to climate change and their impact on Indonesia has started to be considered and is expected to still increase in the future.
While both publications on hazards group and climate change group are expected to rise, the publications on the DRR shows a trend of decline.

Number of publications, citations, keywords and locations of research
As can be seen from Table 5, publications in the research topic related to hazards, risks, and disasters outweigh the other two categories.There are more than half materials are written on the topic of hazards, risks and disasters, and the rest is divided almost equally between those on DRR and climate change.The hazards, risks and disasters category also have the highest total numbers of citations, and have more than two third of the citations.An examination on the citation average however show a quite different story, while the climate change literature category has the least number of papers published, the citation average reach 8.0, which is similar to that of the hazard, risk and disaster category (Figure 4).1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011   A more detailed examinations on the keywords used are mostly related to place followed by those related to hazards, and risks and disasters (Figure 5).If we look at the locations within Indonesia, the region of Java and Sumatera are the most research locations (Figure 6).This is understandable since both islands are the most at risks from geophysical hazards.

Publications types 215
This section presents where the publications are published.It is clear that publications from journal are those that got indexed the great majority, compared to conference proceedings, books, or others (Figure 7).A closer look on the journals shown that journals related to geophysical hazards (related to volcano, earthquake, tsunami, etc.) identification and assessments dominate the numbers of papers published on Indonesia (Table 6)., 2016b).There are also none of these journals that have obtained an impact factor yet, and hence a Scientific Journal Ranking (SJR) Score is presented (SJR, 2016).

Topics on hazards, risks and disasters assessments
The first sub-section explains the timelines, contents of researcher and locations inquired within or outside Indonesia on the topic of hazards, risks and disasters assessments and identifications.As can be seen from Figure 8, there has been a gradual  Utilizing the definition provided by EMDAT-CRED on the classifications of geophysical hazards, the study finds that there are the majority of publications are related to volcanic eruption, dominated by the study of volcanoes in Java such as Merapi (Andreastuti et al., 2000;Charbonnier and Gertisser, 2008;Gertisser et al., 2012;Lavigne, 1999;Verstappen, 1988;Voight et al., 2000), Semeru (Carn, 1999;Siswowidjoyo et al., 1997;Solikhin et al., 2012;Thouret et al., 2007), Kelud (Lubis, 2014;Nakada et al., 2016)or Ijen (Heikens et al., 2005;Trunk and Bernard, 2008;van Hinsberg et al., 2010) (Figure 9).The other hazard that receives many studies is related to examination of earthquake, how it happened, and methods to assess the impacts.The research on tsunami receives gradual attention especially after 2004.There are also a small numbers of publications related to landslide.This is not surprising considering that Indonesia has the most numbers of volcano, is located at the geographical ring or fire where earthquakes occur the most, and also has experienced and been impacted by one of the most powerful earthquake of 8.9 R.S which caused tsunami in 2004 and hit Aceh, which is located in the island of Sumatera (Ishii et al., 2005).A close examination of 177 publications shows a very strong correlation between the issues discussed (Figure 12) and the locations (Figure 13).The topic that receives most attention in this category is related to the governance of DRR nationally (Bakkour et al., 2015;Chang Seng, 2013;Djalante et al., 2013;Djalante et al., 2012;Guarnacci, 2012).The next topic that 290 receives greater attention is on the evaluation of recover and reconstruction that have taken place after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami which hit Aceh, located in the Island of Sumatera (Chang et al., 2011;Daly and Brassard, 2011;Godavitarne et al., 2006;Guarnacci, 2012;Karan and Subbiah, 2011;Telford and Cosgrave, 2007).Within the period after 2004, other topics that are also related to the impacts of tsunami and disasters in general is the role of culture, gender, or religion in helping the community to be resilient in facing disasters, and also how various disasters in Indonesia have impacted various 295 community groups differently in relation to their culture or gender (Balgos et al., 2012;Baumann, 2008;Donovan, 2010;Donovan et al., 2012;Gaillard et al., 2008b;Guarnacci and Di Girolamo, 2012;Hiwasaki et al., 2015;Islam and Lim, 2015;Siagian et al., 2014).
Other topics that have been discussed were related to examination of early warning system especially in relation to tsunami early warning system that has been one of the focuses of the Indonesian government to install them around Indonesia.One 300 notable initiative was the German Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning Systems (GITEWS) (e.g.Schlurmann and Siebert, 2011;Steinmetz et al., 2010).There are also a large number of publications which examine the role of knowledge and information to help the community be more prepared to disasters (Dicky et al., 2015;Hiwasaki et al., 2015;Rafliana, 2012).
There are 13 publications comparing Indonesia and Sri Lanka in regards the impacts of the tsunami on how it either become the precursor for peace process in Indonesia but still take time for the process in Sri Lanka (Enia, 2008;Gaillard et al., 305 2008a;Hyndman, 2009;Kelman, 2005).Some lower numbers of papers examine community-based DRR which is strongly related to community preparedness (Adiyoso and Kanegae, 2013;Birkmann et al., 2015;Hidayati, 2012;James, 2008;Kusumasari and Alam, 2012), and others examine how children are affected psychologically from continuous exposures to hazards and disasters (Du et al., 2012;Lawler and Patel, 2012;Taylor and Peace, 2015;Vignato, 2012), and on emergency management at the local or national level (Djalante et al., 2012;Esteban et al., 2013;Kusumasari and Alam, 2012).310

Topics on climate change
The third sub-section explains the timelines, contents of researcher and locations inquired within or outside Indonesia on the topic related to climate change.As can be seen from Figure 14, there has been few publications within the period between 1978 and 1990.The second period between 1990 to 2000 see a slight increase in literature, then there were 5 literatures 320 published in 2001.These are related to examinations on the causes and impacts of the forest fires in Indonesia.The numbers of publications did not change in general until 2008.It is only after 2010 that there is a sharp increase in the numbers of publications and reach its peak in 2015 of 35 papers.The earliest publication was in 1992 by Subijakto (1992) who examine the facts and future trends of climate change: a case study of the eastern part of the Indonesia islands.Other paper that examine the management of climate change impacts in Indonesia is written by Murdiyarso (1993), in the Chemosphere 325 Journal on the Policy options to reduce CO 2 release resulting from deforestation and biomass in Indonesia.Since the majority of materials published in this category are related to the review on the impacts on climate change in 340 Indonesia, this paper examines deeper on those literature (Figure 16).It is shown that the impact on crops production, mainly on rice has been the majority of those researches (Caruso et al., 2016;D'Arrigo et al., 2011;D'Arrigo and Wilson, 2008;Kawanishi and Mimura, 2015;Keil et al., 2009;Naylor et al., 2001;Sano et al., 2013;Shofiyati et al., 2014).This is strongly related to the examination of too much water which can cause flood (Marfai and King, 2008a;Marfai et al., 2008;Marfai et al., 2014Marfai et al., , 2015;;Muis et al., 2015;Neolaka, 2012Neolaka, , 2013;;Sarminingsih et al., 2014;Shrestha et al., 2014)or too little water 345 which can or have caused drought in Indonesia (Aldrian and Djamil, 2008;D'Arrigo and Smerdon, 2008;D'Arrigo and Wilson, 2008;D'Arrigo et al., 2006;Keil et al., 2009;Keil et al., 2008).A high number of researches are also done on linking droughts (D'Arrigo and Smerdon, 2008;D'Arrigo et al., 2006;Salafsky, 1994;Shofiyati et al., 2014) and fire (Brauer and Hisham-Hashim, 1998;Fang and Huang, 1998;Jim, 1999;Page et al., 2002;Stolle and Lambin, 2003;Stolle and Tomich, 1999;Usman and Hartono, 1997) occurrences especially those on forest fire.There are also research on sea level 350 rise and its impacts on coastal areas.A small number of research focuses on temperature, rainfall (Aldrian and Djamil, 2008; animal (Morwood et al., 2008;Purnomo et al., 2011) has also received some attention.
355 In relation the area by which this research is located, the islands of Sumatera and Java has become the two major locations on the research of the impacts since they are the area where greatest paddy fields and crops productions are located (Figure 17).It is also great to see that various locations in Indonesia such as those in Sulawesi and also eastern part of Indonesia 360 have received examinations in some of those studies.

Reviewing progress of Indonesian researchers and organizations 365
This section examines the roles of Indonesian researchers and Indonesian organizations in contributing the production of those literatures, and also on how the Indonesian researchers have been in collaborating with other International / non-Indonesian organizations, and also in producing high quality papers.

Authorships
This study examines authorships of the publications in terms who published the most numbers of papers, and how 370 Indonesian authors have been progressing in terms of publications.In general, the contribution of international / non-Indonesian authors dominates the productions of publications.The comparison shows that there are 2 international authors for every Indonesian author.Figure 18 shows there are more than double the number of international compared to Indonesians authors but more than half of the publications are co-authored by at least one Indonesian.In more detail, Figure 19 shows the comparison of involvement of Indonesian authors in the three major groups of publications.It can be seen that 375 there are more authors in the hazards, risks and disaster assessments group, and the rest is divided almost equally by those in the other two groups.Figure 20 shows the distribution of Indonesian authors who have more than 1 publication selected in this review (see 405 appendix 1 for full list of authors).There are 21 organizations located in Java and Bali, dominated by ITB and UGM, and there is 1 in Kalimantan, the University of Syiah Kuala (Aceh) and the University of Mataram (Lombok Island).There are 18 national level organizations such as LIPI, PVMBG, LAPAN, BMKG, Bakosurtanal, while 6 Indonesians are currently working outside Indonesia.In terms of distribution of males and females, the composition is almost 4 to 1.There only 15 who has Goggle Scholar or Research Gate profiles.410 This results show a great deal on the need for increasing the capacity of Indonesian authors to have the skills and experiences in writing in English and submit for internationally regarded journal publications.Indonesian authors largely lack the 415 experience in international collaborations and the language and writing skills necessary for submitting their works into internationally accredited journals.Despite some Indonesian researchers who have been strongly influential within the study of hazards, DRR or climate change in Indonesia and could potentially contribute to the global development of knowledge in these fields, they only published in Bahasa Indonesia and did not submit their works into international English written journals.420

Research centers/organizations affiliations
This section examines the place and organizations by which the researchers are affiliated, systematically from the regional, to national, and amongst organizations in Indonesia.The organizations, which house ten most productive publications related to this review, are shown in Figure 21.In general, there are equal number of organizations that are based in Indonesia, and their contributions is comprised slightly more than half the overall contributions amongst these most 425 productive agencies.

Overall
This section the list of 10 most cited publications through comparing the roles of those published in general by any authors, 440 and those publications that are published by an Indonesia first author.Figure 23 shows the comparison between the progress of Indonesian researchers in 10 most cited papers overall and those first authored by Indonesian.Important observations are that there are more authors in 10 most cited papers, more international authors in most 10 cited papers, more Indonesians in 10 cited paper first authored by Indonesian, 10 most cited papers have higher impact factor, and 10 most cited papers have higher citations.This might suggest that Indonesians researchers tend to work with other Indonesians and hence needed to 445 expand their collaborations with international scholars as a strategy to increase the number of citations and ability to submit for higher impact journals.Table 10 shows the list of 10 most cited papers of all publications.With the 10 most cited papers, the total citations is 3,427 with combined impact factor (IF) is 256.013, and there are only 32% of the authors are Indonesian, and none of them are first authors.It is shown that they are published in high impact factor journals such as Nature, Science, or those related to geophysical hazards.The two highest cited papers are published in Nature Journal and discussed the impacts on the forest fires in Indonesia.The paper related to the examination of the amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in 455 Indonesia in 1997 has the highest citation of 1156 by Page et al (2002), published in Nature.The majority of the paper discussed major hazards from earthquake in Sumatera (Briggs et al., 2006;Hsu et al., 2006;Ishii et al., 2005;Konca et al., 2008), and the rest review the impacts of Toba (Rampino and Self, 1992) and Merapi volcanic eruption (Voight et al., 2000).
There are 6 papers which also have Indonesians to contribute.Jaya and Limin are both lecturers from the Palangkaraya 460 University in Kalimantan, where this forest fire occurred across the rain forest and impacted not only Indonesia but also the countries in the region such as Singapore (Tay, 1998) and Malaysia (Khandekar et al., 2000).Subarya, Natawidjaja, along with Sieh contributed the most (Briggs et al., 2006;Hill et al., 2012;Horspool et al., 2014;Hsu et al., 2006;Konca et al., 2008;Muhari et al., 2010;Nalbant et al., 2005;Philibosian et al., 2012;Prayoedhie et al., 2012;Schlurmann et al., 2010;Singh et al., 2010).465 A closer examination on the list of ten most cited publications with Indonesian as first author shows a very striking picture.
Table 11 shows the list of 10 most cited papers by Indonesian as first author.The total citations is only 720, with combined IF of only 23, 492, with 80% of the authors are Indonesian.The papers are much more varied in terms of topics they discussed.There is no single paper in this Table that become the 10 most cited paper overall.The first two most cited papers 470 are related to impacts of climate change in Indonesia.Aldrian (2003), Susanto (2003;2001) and Amien et al (1996) authored papers related to climate change or its impacts on Indonesia.There are papers that examine impacts of volcano (Andreastuti et al., 2000;Widiwijayanti et al., 2009), earthquake (Irsyam et al., 2008) and tsunami (Muhari et al., 2011), while the rest examine land subsidence in Jakarta (Abidin et al., 2011) and progress of DRR governance nationally (Djalante et al., 2012).Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., doi:10.5194/nhess-2016-112, 2016 Manuscript under review for journal Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.Published: 11 May 2016 c Author(s) 2016.CC-BY 3.0 License.

Topics on hazards, risks, and disasters assessments
This sub-section examines the roles of Indonesian researchers in the publications of materials related to the topic of hazards, risks and disasters assessments.As can be seen from Figure 24, there are twice the number of authors in the most cited papers than the Indonesians, while the opposite occurs in when comparing the 10 cited papers with Indonesian as first 480 author.
This shows that Indonesian authors needed to collaborate more with international authors.A very striking Figure is shown when examining the impacts of the publications.The total combined impact factor and citations are more than 9 times greater when comparing 10 most cited papers in general to those first authored by Indonesians.This shows how lacking the quality and impact of publications written by Indonesian scholars in general.Nature and Science are the two most frequent 485 journals while Natawidjaja and Siswowidjoyo are the only 2 Indonesian authors in the 10 most cited papers overall.There are Indonesians in every paper that is first authored by an Indonesian.Those from ITB and UGM dominate the list.11 lists ten most cited papers in the category of hazards, risks and disaster assessments.There are six papers examine earthquake in Sumatera, and two talks about the impact of Toba super-eruption, and the rest talk about Merapi volcano.The highest cited paper is that of Ishii M et al (2005) on the extent their examination of the 2004 Sumatran-Andaman earthquake which caused the Indian Ocean tsunami.Along with Professor Natawidjaja, Professor Kerry Sieh has been involved in three 495 of these most cited papers (Briggs et al., 2006;Hsu et al., 2006).
Table 11 shows the list of 10 most cited papers in this category with Indonesian as first author.Four papers discuss volcano, two papers discuss earthquake, and the rest discuss tsunami and landslide risks.One particular finding here is that there are 4 papers by which all authors are all Indonesians which also suggest that Indonesians researchers might still tend to work with 500 other Indonesians and hence needed to expand their collaborations with international scholars as a strategy to increase the number of citations and ability to submit for higher impact journals.Andreastuti (2000) has the highest cited paper on the works on Merapi volcano, followed by the work of Abidin (2011) on land subsidence in Jakarta.

Topic on disaster risk reduction
This sub-section examines the roles of Indonesian researchers in the publications of materials related to the topic of disaster risk reduction.As can be seen from Figure 25, there are twice the number of authors in the most cited papers than the Indonesians, while the opposite occurs in when comparing the 10 cited papers with Indonesian as first author.While the 510 combined impact factor does not differ greatly, the total combined impact factor and citations are still 8 times greater when comparing 10 most cited papers in general to those first authored by Indonesians.Table 14 shows the 10 most cited papers in DRR group.Most papers discuss various aspects reviewing the 2004 tsunami recovery and reconstructions, from the building back-better (Kennedy et al., 2008), humanitarian system (Telford and Cosgrave, 2007), institutional (Birkmann et al., 2010) and ethnic groups (Gaillard et al., 2008b) responses, the role of the environment (Srinivas and Nakagawa, 2008), 515 housing (Steinberg, 2007), peace (Le Billon and Waizenegger, 2007).The other papers discuss tsunami warning in Padang (Taubenböck et al., 2009) and disasters in general.This implies that Indonesian authors needed to collaborate more with international authors.Setiadi, formerly from UNU-EHS, was involved in two publications related to the GITEWS program following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami.This shows how lacking the quality and impact of publications written by Indonesian scholars in this topic.Djalante has 3 papers within the list of those first authored by Indonesian, on her 520 publications related to the review of DRR governance in Indonesia (Table 12).

Topics on climate change 525
This sub-section examines the roles of Indonesian researchers in the publications of materials related to the topic of climate change impacts and governance.As can be seen from Figure 26, there are more collaborations take place amongst authors in 10 most cited papers while almost 80 percent authors of 10 most cited papers with Indonesian as first authors, are Indonesian.While the impact factor of the papers differ greatly (9 times), the citations by the Indonesian first authors' publications catch up.Table 13 shows that majority of the papers talk about the Indonesian forest fires in relation to climate 530 change.The other papers talk about observations of changes in rainfall, drought and temperature.Page et al has their paper on the amount of carbon released from forest fires as the highest cited paper in this category.There are two Indonesians, Jaya A., Limin S from Palangkaraya University in Kalimantan are involved in the most cited paper in this group on their paper (Page et al., 2002).Aldrin and have also published widely cited papers related to observations on changes in temperature and rainfall in Indonesia (Aldrian and Djamil, 2008;Aldrian and Dwi Susanto, 2003).Amien and 535 Redjekiningrum from the Center for Soil and Agroclimate Research have collaborated in two papers on the examinations of possible climate change on rice production in Java (Amien et al., 1999).Marfai from UGM has two papers that examine the impacts of sea level rise on the coastal areas in Semarang (Marfai and King, 2008b;Marfai et al., 2008).It has been seen that majority of research focus on the Islands of Java and Sumatera.There is still greater need for research 550 on climate change topics related to vulnerability, adaptation limits, loss and damage, impacts on key sectors such as fisheries, coastal communities, food security and health.There needs to be more research on other part of Indonesian.The impacts of sea level rise on small islands, drought on forest in Kalimantan and Papua, increase sea water and ocean acidification on fisheries industry in Sulawesi and eastern part of Indonesia, are some of the increasingly worrisome expected from climate change.More research is needed on the context of urban areas by which social risks and risks from 555 natural hazards play out simultaneously, and the impacts on the urban dwellers are to be understood.The governance of DRR has not received many researches especially on the interplay with decentralization which put responsibility for disaster risk management and reduction at the local government level.Many activities done by international and development agencies have focused on the community level.There is abundance of activities reports by donor and international agencies, however, those reports rarely be made available or submitted for academic publications.560 The second recommendation is on the need to strengthen the capacity of research collaborations between Indonesian and international researchers, multi-disciplinarity of research and publications for high impacts journals.It is clear that some of the very limited Indonesian researchers from ITB, LIPI, and UGM have been involved in international collaborations and in publications of high impacts journal.There is abundance of materials within Indonesian repositories related to bencana 565 (disaster in English), especially within the repositories with ITB, UGM, and UNSYIAH.These materials and research activities done within the universities needed to be reviewed and submitted for international journals in order to give a broader view on issues that have been discussed by scholars in Indonesia.There is only 1 Indonesian journal that made to the list.

570
There is a need for better target of scholars to do more collaboration for research and writing for high impact journals.It is also not clear how collaborations amongst scientists from social and physical scientist have taken place in Indonesia.There is still small numbers of female and of early career researchers.Moreover, the roles of universities and researchers from outside Java had been very limited in their progress.There is increasing call for a more inter-disciplinarily collaborations so that complex problems on the social and environmental issues can be understood better and problems identifications can 575 target those in needs better.It is also not clear how or whether science and policy collaborations have taken place and be documented in these listed publications.Although we can see from the list that some of the most prominent authors are not only from universities but also from national level government agencies.The roles of private business and the communities at risk have rarely been part of the research and collaborations.

580
In conclusion this study has been able to determine the progress in research related to hazards, risks, and risk deduction and climate change in Indonesia.It has also been able to examine the roles of Indonesian scientist in collaborations and towards high quality publications.The recommendations are outlined toward these two issues and it is the responsibility both by the

Figure 3
Figure 3 Number of publications over the year (total 744)

Figure
Figure 5 categorization of keywords used

Figure 6
Figure 6 Locations by which the researches are focused on (total 744) 220

Figure 7
Figure 7 Publications types (total 744) increase on the number of published materials since 1978 to 1998.It is only in 2000 that the research in this topic reached its first significant outputs of 25 publications.The next 4 years showed a sharp reduction in the number of publication.In 2004 the Indian Ocean tsunami occurred and hit Indonesian the most.Publications related the tsunami continued to be published until it reached its peak in 2006.Then in 2009, the publications started to increase rapidly ever since and reached its peak in 2015 of 47 publications in a single year.Most of the literature around this period focuses on the impacts of volcanic eruptions in Java and Sumatera.The oldest publications related to hazards in Indonesia listed in Scopus are those byNeall (1976), Lahars as major geological Hazards published in the Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, and one byNakamura (1978)  on the Statistics of tsunamis in Indonesia in the Southeast Asian Studies.In terms of contributions by Indonesia researchers, the earliest papers are bySudradjat and Tilling (1984) on the Volcanic hazards in Indonesia: the 1982-83 eruption of Galunggung, andSuryo and Clarke (1985) on the occurrence and mitigation of volcanic hazards in Indonesia as exemplified at the Mount Merapi, Mount Kelud and Mount Galunggung volcanoes in the Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology.

Figure
Figure 10 Where the research focus is located (total 413)3.1.5.2 Topic on disaster risk reductionThe second sub-section explains the timelines, contents of researcher and locations inquired within or outside Indonesia on the topic of disasters risk reduction.As can be seen from Figure9, there have been very little publications published between 1978 and 2003.It is only after 2004 then there is a gradual increase of publications.The publication reach its peak in 2008, after that it slightly reduced, and then continue to increase and reach another peak in 2013.Only then publications have started to reduce.The oldest publications on DRR category is bySudibyakto and Haroonah (1997) reviewing how disasters are managed from a social science perspective in the Indonesian journal Geography.

Figure 14
Figure 14 Number of publications on the topic of climate change (total 154)

Figure 16
Figure 16 Key issues discussed in impacts of climate change (total 90)

Figure 18 Figure 19
Figure 18 Comparing the numbers of Indonesian and non-Indonesian authors (total=3065) 380

Figure 21
Figure 21 Organizations with highest number of publications Figure 22 looks deeper on the contribution of different organizations within Indonesia.It is shown that ITB and UGM dominate almost half the total publications.There are also more twice universities in Java that those outside Java, while the 430 rest of publications are contributed by national level organizations such as LIPI and PVMBG.

Figure
Figure 22 Contributions of Indonesian organizations 3.2.3Research quality measured through journal impact factor and number of citation This section presents the research quality of the publications, measured through the journal impact factors and the number of 435 citations.Most importantly, it evaluates the progress of the Indonesian scholars through comparing their research outputs between papers first authored by Indonesian and overall papers.It does so through comparing the overall progress, and through examination of each research topic group.

Figure 23
Figure 23 comparing the roles of Indonesian researchers in the 10 most cited papers papers 10 most cited papers with Indonesian as first author Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.Discuss., doi:10.5194/nhess-2016-112,2016 Manuscript under review for journal Nat.Hazards Earth Syst.Sci.Published: 11 May 2016 c Author(s) 2016.CC-BY 3.0 License.

Figure 25
Figure 25 Comparing the role of Indonesian authors in 10 most cited publications in DRR categories

Table 7 .
The Indonesian Journal of Geography is the only Indonesian journal included in the search with 7 papers listed.The journal was established in 1961 by the Faculty of Geography, of Gadjah Mada University, in cooperation with the Association of the Indonesian Geographers.The director of the editorial board is Sudibyakto, with Sartohadi, Lavigne and Marfai as members of the editorial board (UGM, 2016).There are no clear counts on the number of academic journals in Indonesia, however, there are only 245 are accredited by DIKTI (Higher education directorates of the Ministry of Education) (DIKTI, 2016a) and 17 indexed in SCOPUS (DIKTI